# 库存周期、产能周期与结构变化

重建订单存量流量与库存调整，区分经营交期和资本建设期，并按需比较CAT独立经销渠道。

Entry: zh-ei09 | Node: EI-09 | Language: zh | Editorial revision: 2026-09-21

## Teaching instructions
你正在教 EI-09《库存周期、产能周期与结构变化》，先确认common、dealer-channel、research或all分支。
核心先实际读Census固定May2026报告定义和四表工程机械行、列头与表注，并读 M3 Methodology 的 Estimation（pp.2–3）与 Seasonal Adjustment Methodology（pp.3–4）完整采用单元。按选择启动CAT和Cowles对应完整单元的required_readings；不要求默认读者读所有研究分支。公共SEC超长度限制时使用分段/文本工具，或实际读取随包同源指定单元；不能假设可访问用户F盘。
先请读者把订单、出货、待交订单、存货分成流量/存量，再按 Census Methodology 重建381桥：季调新订单由季调出货与季调未完成订单的期差构造，因此381是定义性桥，不是三个独立观测互证。取消/修改影响已包含在新订单估计；通用台账仍可保留A项。制造商存货增加66另列。
接着让读者在两条平行时间轴安放行为：经营供应链的投入生产/交付，以及资本形成的投资建设。二者不共用延迟参数；投资可提前启动。
推导E_t=100(1-lambda)^t并检查严格阈值。实际控件lambda=m/200、m整数0..100，h整数1..100。lambda0不越过；lambda.5,h25在n2相等、n3才低于。显示值舍入不能改变原式比较。这个单调调整不是周期定律。
dealer-channel分支必须保留Q2/H1与total/CI，库存为机器发动机且排除售后零件。end-user equipment sales译为向最终用户销售设备，而非使用量/利用率；缺完整可比桥，不反推金额，不借用未读Retail Sales Statistics。
research分支锁定March2025，区分投入生产/交付delay与厂房建设期；说明完整信息下单调/驼峰冲击条件，不搬入§3.3/4.4结果、不生成伪复现IRF。
最后迁移到“订单降、出货平、渠道库存高、仍在建厂”：要求至少两条可检验路径及下一项区分证据。反馈回到对象、时点与机制，而不只追问指标名称。
以当前 selected_branch 和 required_readings 为准；共同正文必读，选中分支的完整单元同时成为必读。保留完整同源正文一次及附带静态说明、输入和解析；runtime_reading_log 本次从空开始。

Before substantive teaching, actually retrieve every required reading unit for the selected scope. Read its complete designated section, including necessary assumptions, tables and footnotes. A working URL or an editorial access date is not a runtime reading receipt. Record the actual version, location, scope and what it supports. If unavailable, use a previously verified equivalent source; if the required unit remains unavailable, identify that gap rather than teach it from memory. Start runtime_reading_log empty. Once reading is complete, use a substantive diagnostic or follow the reader's request for direct explanation. Advance one complete reasoning task at a time; skip mastered basics. Distinguish original facts, supplied teaching assumptions and inference.

## Required readings and runtime protocol
```json
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  "required_readings": [
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      "source_id": "EI-S06-M3-202605",
      "access": {
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        "uri": "https://www.census.gov/manufacturing/m3/historical_data/pressreleases/prel/2026/may26prel.pdf",
        "verified_access_at": "2026-09-21"
      },
      "required_unit": {
        "locator": "p.3; pp.6–9 Tables1–4",
        "scope": "定义、工程机械行、表头、期间标签和脚注",
        "purpose": "重建同版金额存量流量"
      },
      "supports": "工程机械固定4月修订/5月初值四表；美元百万、季调、未作价格调整。与CAT公司渠道范围不对账。",
      "version": "Released 2026-07-02 10:00 AM EDT; CB 26-104 M3-2 (26)-05",
      "id": "EI09-READ-01",
      "title": "Manufacturers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders — May 2026 Full Report",
      "authors": [
        "U.S. Census Bureau"
      ],
      "branch": "common"
    },
    {
      "source_id": "EIBC-S07M",
      "access": {
        "kind": "pdf_full_text",
        "uri": "https://www.census.gov/manufacturing/m3/Web_Methodology.pdf",
        "verified_access_at": "2026-09-21"
      },
      "required_unit": {
        "locator": "Estimation, PDF pp.2–3; Seasonal Adjustment Methodology, pp.3–4",
        "scope": "新订单总体估计与季调新订单的构造关系；取消/修改影响的定义。",
        "purpose": "解释工程机械表中381桥为何是统计定义重建，而不是三个独立观测的外部验证。"
      },
      "supports": "M3 new-orders construction and seasonal-adjustment identity only.",
      "id": "EI09-READ-02",
      "title": "Methodology for Manufacturers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders",
      "authors": [
        "U.S. Census Bureau"
      ],
      "version": "Publication/revision date not displayed in adopted unit; accessed 2026-09-21",
      "branch": "common",
      "fallback_supplied_unit": {
        "kind": "attached_same_source_excerpt",
        "file": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/census-M3-methodology-adopted-excerpt.md",
        "access": {
          "kind": "site_body",
          "uri": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/census-M3-methodology-adopted-excerpt.md"
        },
        "scope": "Estimation, intervening Benchmarking, Seasonal Adjustment Methodology, Reliability of the Data; actual previously saved official returned text.",
        "requires_actual_read": true,
        "not_a_private_workspace_path": true
      }
    }
  ],
  "optional_readings": [
    {
      "source_id": "EIBC-S08",
      "access": {
        "kind": "html_full_text",
        "uri": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/18230/000001823026000046/cat-20260630.htm",
        "verified_access_at": "2026-09-21"
      },
      "required_unit": {
        "locator": "Q2 Consolidated Sales and Revenues; saved text 6628–6642",
        "scope": "该标题下完整叙述及经销商段",
        "purpose": "区分厂家报告、终端设备销售与渠道库存"
      },
      "supports": "完整具名MD&A叙述中的Q2/H1全体与CI经销商库存变动；经销商独立，库存排除售后零件。end-user equipment sales译为向最终用户销售设备，而非设备使用量。",
      "version": "Period ended 2026-06-30; filed 2026-08-05",
      "branch": "dealer-channel",
      "required_when": "selected_branch includes dealer-channel",
      "fallback_supplied_unit": {
        "kind": "attached_same_source_excerpt",
        "file": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/cat-q2-2026-adopted-prose.md",
        "not_a_private_workspace_path": true,
        "requires_actual_read": true,
        "access": {
          "kind": "site_body",
          "uri": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/cat-q2-2026-adopted-prose.md"
        }
      },
      "id": "EI09-READ-03",
      "title": "Caterpillar Q2 2026 Form 10-Q — adopted MD&A units",
      "authors": [
        "Caterpillar Inc."
      ]
    },
    {
      "source_id": "EIBC-S08",
      "access": {
        "kind": "html_full_text",
        "uri": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/18230/000001823026000046/cat-20260630.htm",
        "verified_access_at": "2026-09-21"
      },
      "required_unit": {
        "locator": "Q2 Construction Industries; 7268–7280",
        "scope": "至下一Resource Industries标题前的完整叙述",
        "purpose": "CI的终端设备销售与库存因素"
      },
      "supports": "完整具名MD&A叙述中的Q2/H1全体与CI经销商库存变动；经销商独立，库存排除售后零件。end-user equipment sales译为向最终用户销售设备，而非设备使用量。",
      "version": "Period ended 2026-06-30; filed 2026-08-05",
      "branch": "dealer-channel",
      "required_when": "selected_branch includes dealer-channel",
      "fallback_supplied_unit": {
        "kind": "attached_same_source_excerpt",
        "file": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/cat-q2-2026-adopted-prose.md",
        "not_a_private_workspace_path": true,
        "requires_actual_read": true,
        "access": {
          "kind": "site_body",
          "uri": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/cat-q2-2026-adopted-prose.md"
        }
      },
      "id": "EI09-READ-04",
      "title": "Caterpillar Q2 2026 Form 10-Q — adopted MD&A units",
      "authors": [
        "Caterpillar Inc."
      ]
    },
    {
      "source_id": "EIBC-S08",
      "access": {
        "kind": "html_full_text",
        "uri": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/18230/000001823026000046/cat-20260630.htm",
        "verified_access_at": "2026-09-21"
      },
      "required_unit": {
        "locator": "H1 Consolidated Sales and Revenues; 7346–7357",
        "scope": "半年比较完整叙述",
        "purpose": "不把季度与半年相加"
      },
      "supports": "完整具名MD&A叙述中的Q2/H1全体与CI经销商库存变动；经销商独立，库存排除售后零件。end-user equipment sales译为向最终用户销售设备，而非设备使用量。",
      "version": "Period ended 2026-06-30; filed 2026-08-05",
      "branch": "dealer-channel",
      "required_when": "selected_branch includes dealer-channel",
      "fallback_supplied_unit": {
        "kind": "attached_same_source_excerpt",
        "file": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/cat-q2-2026-adopted-prose.md",
        "not_a_private_workspace_path": true,
        "requires_actual_read": true,
        "access": {
          "kind": "site_body",
          "uri": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/cat-q2-2026-adopted-prose.md"
        }
      },
      "id": "EI09-READ-05",
      "title": "Caterpillar Q2 2026 Form 10-Q — adopted MD&A units",
      "authors": [
        "Caterpillar Inc."
      ]
    },
    {
      "source_id": "EIBC-S08",
      "access": {
        "kind": "html_full_text",
        "uri": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/18230/000001823026000046/cat-20260630.htm",
        "verified_access_at": "2026-09-21"
      },
      "required_unit": {
        "locator": "MD&A Glossary; 8046–8123 selected definitions",
        "scope": "Dealer Inventories、Sales Volume、Construction Industries各完整定义",
        "purpose": "排除售后零件；销售量不是利用率"
      },
      "supports": "完整具名MD&A叙述中的Q2/H1全体与CI经销商库存变动；经销商独立，库存排除售后零件。end-user equipment sales译为向最终用户销售设备，而非设备使用量。",
      "version": "Period ended 2026-06-30; filed 2026-08-05",
      "branch": "dealer-channel",
      "required_when": "selected_branch includes dealer-channel",
      "fallback_supplied_unit": {
        "kind": "attached_same_source_excerpt",
        "file": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/cat-q2-2026-adopted-prose.md",
        "not_a_private_workspace_path": true,
        "requires_actual_read": true,
        "access": {
          "kind": "site_body",
          "uri": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/cat-q2-2026-adopted-prose.md"
        }
      },
      "id": "EI09-READ-06",
      "title": "Caterpillar Q2 2026 Form 10-Q — adopted MD&A units",
      "authors": [
        "Caterpillar Inc."
      ]
    },
    {
      "source_id": "EIBC-S09",
      "access": {
        "kind": "pdf_full_text",
        "uri": "https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/d2436.pdf",
        "verified_access_at": "2026-09-21"
      },
      "required_unit": {
        "locator": "§§2.1–2.2,3.1–3.2.1,4.1,4.3",
        "scope": "March2025对应完整模型和经验单元，含相关图表、变量、信息条件",
        "purpose": "条件化动态网络机制而非无条件bullwhip"
      },
      "supports": "完整信息下投入生产/交付延迟、网络位置与冲击时间形状的条件化机制；数据代理和经验检验分开。非新厂建设期，未复现IRF或不完全信息命题。",
      "version": "Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper 2436, March 2025",
      "branch": "research",
      "required_when": "selected_branch includes research",
      "id": "EI09-READ-07",
      "title": "The Bullwhip: Time-to-Build and Sectoral Fluctuations",
      "authors": [
        "Yan Leng",
        "Ernest Liu",
        "Yifei Ren",
        "Aleh Tsyvinski"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "runtime_reading_log": [],
  "supplied_inputs": {
    "input_version": "2026-09-21-review-v2",
    "facts": {
      "m3": {
        "unit": "USD million",
        "adjustment": "seasonally adjusted; not price adjusted",
        "industry": "Construction machinery",
        "rows": [
          {
            "period": "2026-04",
            "vintage_status": "revised",
            "shipments": 4424,
            "orders": 4734,
            "backlog": 11214,
            "inventories": 10593
          },
          {
            "period": "2026-05",
            "vintage_status": "preliminary",
            "shipments": 4498,
            "orders": 4879,
            "backlog": 11595,
            "inventories": 10659
          }
        ],
        "source_ids": [
          "EIBC-S07",
          "EIBC-S07M"
        ],
        "new_orders_method": "Published universe and seasonally adjusted new orders are constructed from shipments plus period change in unfilled orders; cancellations/modifications are included in the new-orders estimate."
      },
      "cat": {
        "source_id": "EIBC-S08",
        "unit": "USD billion",
        "measure": "period change in dealer machine/engine inventories excluding aftermarket parts",
        "rows": [
          {
            "window": "Q2",
            "scope": "total",
            "2025": 0.1,
            "2026": 0.6
          },
          {
            "window": "Q2",
            "scope": "Construction Industries",
            "2025": -0.3,
            "2026": 0.4
          },
          {
            "window": "H1",
            "scope": "total",
            "2025": 0.2,
            "2026": 2.6
          },
          {
            "window": "H1",
            "scope": "Construction Industries",
            "2025": -0.4,
            "2026": 1.9
          }
        ],
        "scope_rules": [
          "H1 includes Q2",
          "CI subset of total",
          "changes, not ending balances",
          "end-user equipment sales != equipment utilization"
        ]
      }
    },
    "models": {
      "inventory": {
        "identity": "teaching_assumption",
        "defaults": {
          "E0": 100,
          "lambda_steps": 10,
          "lambda_denominator": 200,
          "h": 70
        },
        "ranges": {
          "lambda_steps": [
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            100,
            1
          ],
          "h": [
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            1
          ]
        },
        "conditions": [
          "fixed target; no fresh shocks",
          "lambda=lambda_steps/200",
          "strict E_n<h; n nonnegative integer",
          "exact integer comparison of 100*(200-m)^n < h*200^n after logarithmic candidate",
          "lambda=0 never crosses legal threshold",
          "not delivery delay, not plant construction time"
        ]
      }
    },
    "default_outputs": {
      "inventory": {
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        "lambda_steps": 10,
        "lambda": 0.05,
        "h": 70,
        "crossing": 7,
        "status": "crossed",
        "previous": 73.50918906249998,
        "current": 69.83372960937497,
        "equality_previous": false,
        "verified_current": true,
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        "points": [
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          {
            "n": 2,
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        ],
        "comparison": "strict <"
      },
      "m3": {
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        "backlog_change": 381,
        "adjustment_residual": 0,
        "inventory_change": 66,
        "inventory_shipments": 2.3697198755002225,
        "growth_pct": {
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    }
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    "required_on_selection": true
  },
  "entry_id": "zh-ei09",
  "node_id": "EI-09",
  "content_version": "2026-09-21-review-v2",
  "selected_branch": "common",
  "default_branch": "common",
  "required_readings_all_branches": [
    {
      "source_id": "EI-S06-M3-202605",
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        "scope": "定义、工程机械行、表头、期间标签和脚注",
        "purpose": "重建同版金额存量流量"
      },
      "supports": "工程机械固定4月修订/5月初值四表；美元百万、季调、未作价格调整。与CAT公司渠道范围不对账。",
      "version": "Released 2026-07-02 10:00 AM EDT; CB 26-104 M3-2 (26)-05",
      "id": "EI09-READ-01",
      "title": "Manufacturers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders — May 2026 Full Report",
      "authors": [
        "U.S. Census Bureau"
      ],
      "branch": "common"
    },
    {
      "source_id": "EIBC-S07M",
      "access": {
        "kind": "pdf_full_text",
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        "verified_access_at": "2026-09-21"
      },
      "required_unit": {
        "locator": "Estimation, PDF pp.2–3; Seasonal Adjustment Methodology, pp.3–4",
        "scope": "新订单总体估计与季调新订单的构造关系；取消/修改影响的定义。",
        "purpose": "解释工程机械表中381桥为何是统计定义重建，而不是三个独立观测的外部验证。"
      },
      "supports": "M3 new-orders construction and seasonal-adjustment identity only.",
      "id": "EI09-READ-02",
      "title": "Methodology for Manufacturers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders",
      "authors": [
        "U.S. Census Bureau"
      ],
      "version": "Publication/revision date not displayed in adopted unit; accessed 2026-09-21",
      "branch": "common",
      "fallback_supplied_unit": {
        "kind": "attached_same_source_excerpt",
        "file": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/census-M3-methodology-adopted-excerpt.md",
        "access": {
          "kind": "site_body",
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            "uri": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/census-M3-methodology-adopted-excerpt.md"
          },
          "scope": "Estimation, intervening Benchmarking, Seasonal Adjustment Methodology, Reliability of the Data; actual previously saved official returned text.",
          "requires_actual_read": true,
          "not_a_private_workspace_path": true
        }
      },
      {
        "source_id": "EIBC-S09",
        "access": {
          "kind": "pdf_full_text",
          "uri": "https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/d2436.pdf",
          "verified_access_at": "2026-09-21"
        },
        "required_unit": {
          "locator": "§§2.1–2.2,3.1–3.2.1,4.1,4.3",
          "scope": "March2025对应完整模型和经验单元，含相关图表、变量、信息条件",
          "purpose": "条件化动态网络机制而非无条件bullwhip"
        },
        "supports": "完整信息下投入生产/交付延迟、网络位置与冲击时间形状的条件化机制；数据代理和经验检验分开。非新厂建设期，未复现IRF或不完全信息命题。",
        "version": "Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper 2436, March 2025",
        "branch": "research",
        "required_when": "selected_branch includes research",
        "id": "EI09-READ-07",
        "title": "The Bullwhip: Time-to-Build and Sectoral Fluctuations",
        "authors": [
          "Yan Leng",
          "Ernest Liu",
          "Yifei Ren",
          "Aleh Tsyvinski"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "all": [
      {
        "source_id": "EI-S06-M3-202605",
        "access": {
          "kind": "pdf_full_text",
          "uri": "https://www.census.gov/manufacturing/m3/historical_data/pressreleases/prel/2026/may26prel.pdf",
          "verified_access_at": "2026-09-21"
        },
        "required_unit": {
          "locator": "p.3; pp.6–9 Tables1–4",
          "scope": "定义、工程机械行、表头、期间标签和脚注",
          "purpose": "重建同版金额存量流量"
        },
        "supports": "工程机械固定4月修订/5月初值四表；美元百万、季调、未作价格调整。与CAT公司渠道范围不对账。",
        "version": "Released 2026-07-02 10:00 AM EDT; CB 26-104 M3-2 (26)-05",
        "id": "EI09-READ-01",
        "title": "Manufacturers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders — May 2026 Full Report",
        "authors": [
          "U.S. Census Bureau"
        ],
        "branch": "common"
      },
      {
        "source_id": "EIBC-S07M",
        "access": {
          "kind": "pdf_full_text",
          "uri": "https://www.census.gov/manufacturing/m3/Web_Methodology.pdf",
          "verified_access_at": "2026-09-21"
        },
        "required_unit": {
          "locator": "Estimation, PDF pp.2–3; Seasonal Adjustment Methodology, pp.3–4",
          "scope": "新订单总体估计与季调新订单的构造关系；取消/修改影响的定义。",
          "purpose": "解释工程机械表中381桥为何是统计定义重建，而不是三个独立观测的外部验证。"
        },
        "supports": "M3 new-orders construction and seasonal-adjustment identity only.",
        "id": "EI09-READ-02",
        "title": "Methodology for Manufacturers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders",
        "authors": [
          "U.S. Census Bureau"
        ],
        "version": "Publication/revision date not displayed in adopted unit; accessed 2026-09-21",
        "branch": "common",
        "fallback_supplied_unit": {
          "kind": "attached_same_source_excerpt",
          "file": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/census-M3-methodology-adopted-excerpt.md",
          "access": {
            "kind": "site_body",
            "uri": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/census-M3-methodology-adopted-excerpt.md"
          },
          "scope": "Estimation, intervening Benchmarking, Seasonal Adjustment Methodology, Reliability of the Data; actual previously saved official returned text.",
          "requires_actual_read": true,
          "not_a_private_workspace_path": true
        }
      },
      {
        "source_id": "EIBC-S08",
        "access": {
          "kind": "html_full_text",
          "uri": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/18230/000001823026000046/cat-20260630.htm",
          "verified_access_at": "2026-09-21"
        },
        "required_unit": {
          "locator": "Q2 Consolidated Sales and Revenues; saved text 6628–6642",
          "scope": "该标题下完整叙述及经销商段",
          "purpose": "区分厂家报告、终端设备销售与渠道库存"
        },
        "supports": "完整具名MD&A叙述中的Q2/H1全体与CI经销商库存变动；经销商独立，库存排除售后零件。end-user equipment sales译为向最终用户销售设备，而非设备使用量。",
        "version": "Period ended 2026-06-30; filed 2026-08-05",
        "branch": "dealer-channel",
        "required_when": "selected_branch includes dealer-channel",
        "fallback_supplied_unit": {
          "kind": "attached_same_source_excerpt",
          "file": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/cat-q2-2026-adopted-prose.md",
          "not_a_private_workspace_path": true,
          "requires_actual_read": true,
          "access": {
            "kind": "site_body",
            "uri": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/cat-q2-2026-adopted-prose.md"
          }
        },
        "id": "EI09-READ-03",
        "title": "Caterpillar Q2 2026 Form 10-Q — adopted MD&A units",
        "authors": [
          "Caterpillar Inc."
        ]
      },
      {
        "source_id": "EIBC-S08",
        "access": {
          "kind": "html_full_text",
          "uri": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/18230/000001823026000046/cat-20260630.htm",
          "verified_access_at": "2026-09-21"
        },
        "required_unit": {
          "locator": "Q2 Construction Industries; 7268–7280",
          "scope": "至下一Resource Industries标题前的完整叙述",
          "purpose": "CI的终端设备销售与库存因素"
        },
        "supports": "完整具名MD&A叙述中的Q2/H1全体与CI经销商库存变动；经销商独立，库存排除售后零件。end-user equipment sales译为向最终用户销售设备，而非设备使用量。",
        "version": "Period ended 2026-06-30; filed 2026-08-05",
        "branch": "dealer-channel",
        "required_when": "selected_branch includes dealer-channel",
        "fallback_supplied_unit": {
          "kind": "attached_same_source_excerpt",
          "file": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/cat-q2-2026-adopted-prose.md",
          "not_a_private_workspace_path": true,
          "requires_actual_read": true,
          "access": {
            "kind": "site_body",
            "uri": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/cat-q2-2026-adopted-prose.md"
          }
        },
        "id": "EI09-READ-04",
        "title": "Caterpillar Q2 2026 Form 10-Q — adopted MD&A units",
        "authors": [
          "Caterpillar Inc."
        ]
      },
      {
        "source_id": "EIBC-S08",
        "access": {
          "kind": "html_full_text",
          "uri": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/18230/000001823026000046/cat-20260630.htm",
          "verified_access_at": "2026-09-21"
        },
        "required_unit": {
          "locator": "H1 Consolidated Sales and Revenues; 7346–7357",
          "scope": "半年比较完整叙述",
          "purpose": "不把季度与半年相加"
        },
        "supports": "完整具名MD&A叙述中的Q2/H1全体与CI经销商库存变动；经销商独立，库存排除售后零件。end-user equipment sales译为向最终用户销售设备，而非设备使用量。",
        "version": "Period ended 2026-06-30; filed 2026-08-05",
        "branch": "dealer-channel",
        "required_when": "selected_branch includes dealer-channel",
        "fallback_supplied_unit": {
          "kind": "attached_same_source_excerpt",
          "file": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/cat-q2-2026-adopted-prose.md",
          "not_a_private_workspace_path": true,
          "requires_actual_read": true,
          "access": {
            "kind": "site_body",
            "uri": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/cat-q2-2026-adopted-prose.md"
          }
        },
        "id": "EI09-READ-05",
        "title": "Caterpillar Q2 2026 Form 10-Q — adopted MD&A units",
        "authors": [
          "Caterpillar Inc."
        ]
      },
      {
        "source_id": "EIBC-S08",
        "access": {
          "kind": "html_full_text",
          "uri": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/18230/000001823026000046/cat-20260630.htm",
          "verified_access_at": "2026-09-21"
        },
        "required_unit": {
          "locator": "MD&A Glossary; 8046–8123 selected definitions",
          "scope": "Dealer Inventories、Sales Volume、Construction Industries各完整定义",
          "purpose": "排除售后零件；销售量不是利用率"
        },
        "supports": "完整具名MD&A叙述中的Q2/H1全体与CI经销商库存变动；经销商独立，库存排除售后零件。end-user equipment sales译为向最终用户销售设备，而非设备使用量。",
        "version": "Period ended 2026-06-30; filed 2026-08-05",
        "branch": "dealer-channel",
        "required_when": "selected_branch includes dealer-channel",
        "fallback_supplied_unit": {
          "kind": "attached_same_source_excerpt",
          "file": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/cat-q2-2026-adopted-prose.md",
          "not_a_private_workspace_path": true,
          "requires_actual_read": true,
          "access": {
            "kind": "site_body",
            "uri": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/references/cat-q2-2026-adopted-prose.md"
          }
        },
        "id": "EI09-READ-06",
        "title": "Caterpillar Q2 2026 Form 10-Q — adopted MD&A units",
        "authors": [
          "Caterpillar Inc."
        ]
      },
      {
        "source_id": "EIBC-S09",
        "access": {
          "kind": "pdf_full_text",
          "uri": "https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/d2436.pdf",
          "verified_access_at": "2026-09-21"
        },
        "required_unit": {
          "locator": "§§2.1–2.2,3.1–3.2.1,4.1,4.3",
          "scope": "March2025对应完整模型和经验单元，含相关图表、变量、信息条件",
          "purpose": "条件化动态网络机制而非无条件bullwhip"
        },
        "supports": "完整信息下投入生产/交付延迟、网络位置与冲击时间形状的条件化机制；数据代理和经验检验分开。非新厂建设期，未复现IRF或不完全信息命题。",
        "version": "Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper 2436, March 2025",
        "branch": "research",
        "required_when": "selected_branch includes research",
        "id": "EI09-READ-07",
        "title": "The Bullwhip: Time-to-Build and Sectoral Fluctuations",
        "authors": [
          "Yan Leng",
          "Ernest Liu",
          "Yifei Ren",
          "Aleh Tsyvinski"
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "branch_tasks": {
    "common": "按固定 M3 定义重建季调 N=S+ΔB 的381桥，将制造商存货+66另列；推严格库存阈值，并用两条时间轴提出可区分的经营路径。",
    "dealer-channel": "完成共同主线后，按 CAT 同源四个完整单元分开 Q2/H1、2025/2026、全体/CI 的经销商库存变动；解释向最终用户销售设备和库存可同时增加，不虚构终端销售金额。",
    "research": "完成共同主线后，读 March 2025 Cowles 的指定完整模型与经验单元，说明投入生产/交付延迟、冲击形状和网络位置的条件；不转成工厂建设期或伪复现IRF。"
  },
  "learning_task": "按固定 M3 定义重建季调 N=S+ΔB 的381桥，将制造商存货+66另列；推严格库存阈值，并用两条时间轴提出可区分的经营路径。",
  "source_id_aliases": {
    "EIBC-S03": "BF-S-COST-FY2025-SEC",
    "EIBC-S07": "EI-S06-M3-202605"
  },
  "shared_inputs_uri": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/inputs.json",
  "experiment_ids": [
    "exp-ei09-clocks"
  ],
  "bibliography": [
    {
      "id": "EI-S06-M3-202605",
      "title": "Manufacturers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders — May 2026 Full Report",
      "authors": [
        "U.S. Census Bureau"
      ],
      "version": "Released 2026-07-02 10:00 AM EDT; CB 26-104 M3-2 (26)-05",
      "url": "https://www.census.gov/manufacturing/m3/historical_data/pressreleases/prel/2026/may26prel.pdf",
      "locators": [
        "PDF p.3 definitions",
        "PDF pp.6–9 Tables 1–4; Construction machinery; headers and footnotes"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "EIBC-S07M",
      "title": "Methodology for Manufacturers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders",
      "authors": [
        "U.S. Census Bureau"
      ],
      "version": "Publication/revision date not displayed in adopted unit; accessed 2026-09-21",
      "url": "https://www.census.gov/manufacturing/m3/Web_Methodology.pdf",
      "locators": [
        "Estimation, PDF pp.2–3",
        "Seasonal Adjustment Methodology, PDF pp.3–4",
        "Reliability of the Data, PDF p.4"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "EIBC-S08",
      "title": "Caterpillar Q2 2026 Form 10-Q — adopted MD&A units",
      "authors": [
        "Caterpillar Inc."
      ],
      "version": "Period ended 2026-06-30; filed 2026-08-05",
      "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/18230/000001823026000046/cat-20260630.htm",
      "locators": [
        "Q2 Consolidated Sales and Revenues (saved text 6628–6642)",
        "Q2 Construction Industries (7268–7280)",
        "H1 Consolidated Sales and Revenues (7346–7357)",
        "MD&A Glossary: Dealer Inventories / Sales Volume / Construction Industries (8046–8123)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "EIBC-S09",
      "title": "The Bullwhip: Time-to-Build and Sectoral Fluctuations",
      "authors": [
        "Yan Leng",
        "Ernest Liu",
        "Yifei Ren",
        "Aleh Tsyvinski"
      ],
      "version": "Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper 2436, March 2025",
      "url": "https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/d2436.pdf",
      "locators": [
        "§§2.1–2.2",
        "§§3.1–3.2.1",
        "§4.1",
        "§4.3"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "statistical_identity": "季调新订单 N 由季调出货 S 与季调未完成订单期差 ΔB 构造：N=S+ΔB。因此 4,498+(11,595−11,214)=4,879 是同一发布版本的统计定义重建，不是三项独立需求观测互证；不能据此推断经济调整为零。取消和修改影响已包含在新订单估计中。制造商存货增加 66 另列。",
  "output_field_interpretation": {
    "m3.adjustment_residual": "沿原引擎保留的代数字段；本版为0反映统计构造核对，不估计经济调整为零。"
  }
}
```

## Supplied entry
> 建议学习时间：18–20 分钟，包含行业原表重建、一次库存调整实验和一道迁移题。CAT 渠道比较与现代研究为可分别展开的选读；共同主线不要求先读完整投入产出方法。

<div data-reading-branch-controls aria-label="选择阅读分支">
<button type="button" data-select-reading-branch="common">共同主线</button>
<button type="button" data-select-reading-branch="dealer-channel">渠道比较</button>
<button type="button" data-select-reading-branch="research">研究选读</button>
<button type="button" data-select-reading-branch="all">全部展开</button>
</div>

<a id="ei09-clocks"></a>

## 一、行业里并不只有一只时钟

订单、出货和库存经常一起出现在行业图表上，但它们记录的不是同一步。客户下单后，企业可能需要采购零件、安排生产，再发货；货到经销商手中，也未必已经卖给最终用户。与此同时，企业可能正在为几年后的需求建设工厂。短期订单波动与长期供给形成因而可以重叠。

我们先把两条时间轴并排放好：

```text
经营与供应链过程：
需求信号 → 下单、采购 → 投入生产或交付 → 厂家出货 → 渠道库存 → 向最终用户销售
                         每个箭头都有自己的交期或处理时间

资本形成过程：
预期需求与回报 → 投资决定 → 资金、场址、设备安排 → 建设、调试 → 投入运行
       └──────── 可在当期销售尚未完成时提前启动 ────────────────┘
```

第一条描述现有生产和交易如何展开，第二条描述新能力如何形成。[进入、退出与产业资本投入](https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/zh/notebook/entry-exit-capital-formation/)中的建设期属于第二条。供应商需要两个月交付零件，不意味着新厂也能在两个月内建成；反过来，新厂需要三年，也不意味着所有已接订单都要等三年。

把所谓“周期”放回这些关系，分析任务就明确了：哪些余额正在积累，哪些流量正在变化，是什么规则或约束把它们连起来，接下来应该观察哪一步。

<a id="ei09-m3"></a>
<a id="CASE-EI09-M3-CONSTRUCTION-MACHINERY-202605"></a>

## 二、先读四张表，再连订单与交付

Census M3 制造业报告分别公布出货、新订单、未完成订单和存货。出货是期间流量；未完成订单和存货是期末余额。表中的“新订单”也以期间金额呈现，但这里还要多读一步统计方法：Census 并不是把它当作与另三项完全独立估计的序列。这里选固定的2026年5月完整发布版，于2026年7月2日发布；表中5月为初值，4月为该版本的修订值。以下重排保留工程机械行，单位为**百万美元、季节调整后、未作价格调整**。[^m3]

| 原表与记录对象 | 2026年4月，修订值 | 2026年5月，初值 | 读数时必须保留的身份 |
|---|---:|---:|---|
| Table1，出货 | 4,424 | 4,498 | 月内流量 |
| Table2，新订单 | 4,734 | 4,879 | 月内流量，净取消口径 |
| Table3，未完成订单 | 11,214 | 11,595 | 月末待交付订单余额 |
| Table4，存货 | 10,593 | 10,659 | 月末制造商存货金额 |

这四张表先提供生产过程的不同观察点。订单显示新增加的待履约需求，出货显示本月离开厂家交付环节的金额，未完成订单是剩余任务的余额；存货则是生产与销售过程中仍由相关主体持有的资源金额，它并不只包含已完成、可立即出售的设备。

令 $B_t$ 为未完成订单，$N_t$ 为新订单净额，$S_t$ 为出货，$A_t$ 汇集范围、计量和修订调整，则一般的金额桥为：

$$
B_t=B_{t-1}+N_t-S_t+A_t.
$$

这个式子先是在同一对象与口径下整理存量和流量，不是一个行为模型。对一般企业订单台账，$A_t$ 可以保留范围、计量和修订等调整。

但**这份 Census M3 发布表还有一个统计构造关系**。官方 Methodology 的 Estimation 单元说明，总体新订单估计由“当月出货 + 本月与上月未完成订单之差”构造；Seasonal Adjustment Methodology 又规定，季调新订单由季调出货和季调未完成订单的期差构造。新订单估计本身也已经包含先前订单取消和修改的影响。[^m3method]

因此5月表中的
$N_t-S_t=4879-4498=381$
与
$B_t-B_{t-1}=11595-11214=381$
相等，首先是这套数据产品定义与季调构造的结果。这里的重建任务是在核对**同一发布版本、同一行业行、同一单位和同一统计定义**，而不是用三份独立观测相互验证需求变化。也不能因为本月等式精确成立，就推断真实经济过程中不存在取消、修改、错期或其他调整；这些经济变化可以已经进入 Census 对新订单的定义与估计。

再看幅度，新订单环比约3.06295%，出货约1.67269%，未完成订单约3.39754%，存货约0.62305%。四条公布序列都在增长，但不能把“orders 与 backlog 同时上升”当成两份独立需求证据：在 M3 中两者通过上述统计构造相连。可以独立另看的，是制造商存货从10,593增加到10,659，即 **+66**；它属于资源余额，需要再看原材料、在制品、成品和估价因素，才能解释增加发生在哪一环。

还可以计算期末存货与当月出货金额之比：
$10659/4498=2.369720$。
若把月度出货写成每月金额流率，这个量具有“月”的量纲；但估价、产品组合和库存组成都可能不同，不能直接当作设备还要等2.37个月才交付。这里的用途是规范读数：**相除得到的量纲，并不会自动替我们建立一条交付时间模型。**

<a id="ei09-path"></a>

## 三、让一种解释给出下一步可观察结果

假设订单突然上升而厂家交付调整较慢。原有出货暂时跟不上，未完成订单先增加；企业可能增加排产和采购，原材料或在制品随后增加。这是一条“需求先变、交付后跟”的路径。它预期我们会看到交期延长、产出响应或资源投入增加。

另一条路径是特定投入交付受阻。厂家可能继续接单，出货受限，未完成订单也会上升；部分不能配齐的在制品积累，甚至在总存货增加时仍缺少关键零件。这条解释更需要投入到货、缺件和生产瓶颈资料。两条路径可以产生相似的四表方向，却要求不同的新证据。

“库存高”也要相对于目标来解释。我们用一个明示的教学假设隔离调整速度：目标库存 $I^*$ 固定，超额库存为 $E_t=I_t-I^*\ge0$；每期净消化超额库存的比例为 $\lambda$，没有新的需求冲击、估值变化或目标变化。于是

$$
E_{t+1}=E_t-\lambda E_t=(1-\lambda)E_t,
\qquad
E_t=E_0(1-\lambda)^t.
$$

取 $E_0=100,\lambda=0.05$。这些数是教学指数单位，未用M3估计。第6期约73.50919，第7期约69.83373，所以首次严格低于70发生在第7期。

一般地，对 $0<\lambda<1$、$0<h\le E_0$，严格条件 $E_t<h$ 给出
$t>\log(h/E_0)/\log(1-\lambda)$。因此第一个满足条件的整数期为

$$
n=\left\lfloor\frac{\log(h/E_0)}{\log(1-\lambda)}\right\rfloor+1.
$$

等号必须检查。例如 $\lambda=0.5,h=25,E_0=100$ 时，第2期恰为25，还没有严格低于阈值，答案是第3期。若 $\lambda=0$，余额一直为100，在本例合法阈值范围内永不越过。这个路径是单调调整，不产生往复波动；它解释消化需要多久，而不是发现“每七期必有一次库存周期”。

| 教学设置 | 临界前一期 | 下一期 | 首次严格低于阈值 |
|---|---|---|---|
| $\lambda=.05,h=70$ | $E_6=73.50919$ | $E_7=69.83373$ | 第7期 |
| $\lambda=.5,h=25$ | $E_2=25$，恰好相等 | $E_3=12.5$ | 第3期 |
| $\lambda=0,h=70$ | 始终为100 | 始终为100 | 不发生 |

<a id="ei09-experiment"></a>

## 四、实际表与教学路径分开操作

<div data-experiment-slot="exp-ei09-clocks"></div>

先按 Census 的统计定义重建381桥，并把制造商存货+66另列，再切到教学路径，改变消化比例或阈值。改变 $\lambda$ 只影响教学路径，不修改Census数据；它也不修改新厂建设期或供应商交期。比较这三种时长时，先说被延迟或被调整的对象，再比较数字。

在图上，观察点和解释层也各有职责。两个月同向变化可以作为进一步研究的起点，却不能产生一个可靠的历史周期长度。要检验周期与结构变化，通常要加入更长的同口径序列和业务变化证据；本篇不凭两个点补出一条历史曲线。

<section data-reading-branch="dealer-channel">
<a id="ei09-dealer"></a>
<a id="CASE-EI09-CAT-Q2H1-2026"></a>
<details>
<summary>比较分支：Caterpillar 的独立经销商，库存由谁持有？</summary>

M3给行业层的厂家观察。Caterpillar Q2 2026 10-Q 的具名MD&A单元，另提供了独立经销渠道的一层。公司词汇表把 Dealer Inventories 定义为经销商的机器和发动机库存，**排除售后零件**。因此它不是Caterpillar合并报表的全部存货，也不是整个工程机械行业的库存。[^cat]

| Dealer Inventories期间变动，十亿美元 | 2025年同期 | 2026年当期 | 覆盖 |
|---|---:|---:|---|
| 第二季度 | +0.1 | +0.6 | 全体 |
| 第二季度 | −0.3 | +0.4 | Construction Industries |
| 上半年 | +0.2 | +2.6 | 全体 |
| 上半年 | −0.4 | +1.9 | Construction Industries |

先按“窗口”和“范围”读表：上半年包含第二季度，不能再相加；CI在全体范围内，不能与全体相加；四个数字都是期间变动，不是期末库存余额。

同一Q2单元说，销售量增长主要由**向最终用户销售设备增加**驱动，CI北美叙述还同时提到经销商库存变化的影响。这里的 end-user equipment sales 是售出设备，不是设备使用小时、开工率或作业量。公司对 Sales Volume 的术语定义还包含新品引入的销售影响，不能只看中文“量”字就把所有桥项都当设备台数。[^cat]

把经营过程画出来：

```text
厂家与配送中心
   │ 向渠道供货／销售
   ▼
独立经销商 ──持有机器与发动机库存，排除售后零件
   │ 向最终用户销售设备
   ▼
最终用户
```

在相同单位、估价和范围都能对齐的抽象渠道中，可以写
$I_t^d=I_{t-1}^d+X_t-R_t+J_t$，
其中 $X_t$ 为流入经销商的货、$R_t$ 为流出、$J_t$ 为调整项。这解释了为什么终端销售增加时，库存仍可能增加：流入增加得更多即可。但已采用MD&A没有给足该桥的所有可比金额，不能用制造商总收入减库存变动去反推终端销售。

管理层说明，经销商独立，其库存选择可能受需求预期、季节性、机器租赁和交货时间影响；交货时间又与工厂、配送中心的产品可得性有关。这是公司提供的可能机制，不是本篇对各因素贡献的估计。[^cat]

**分支任务。** 请把Q2的+0.4和H1的+1.9分别放到CI经销商范围下，再用一句话解释“终端设备销售增加且渠道库存增加”为何可以同时成立。合格答案必须保留主体、期间和库存变化身份；不需要也不允许虚构终端销售金额。

</details>
</section>

<section data-reading-branch="research">
<a id="ei09-research"></a>
<details>
<summary>研究分支：为什么有些冲击会向上游放大？</summary>

Leng、Liu、Ren、Tsyvinski 的 Cowles Discussion Paper 2436，本文固定2025年3月版。它把 time-to-build 放在**供应商与使用者之间的特定投入生产／交付**上，而不是新厂投资至投运的资本建设期。模型中企业要提前安排投入，需求冲击的未来形状因此会影响今天的上游反应。[^bullwhip]

一种信号出现后立即逐步消退，另一种则先上升再回落；即使当前幅度相似，对未来交付时点的需求也不同。企业在同一信息条件下会作出不同投入安排。论文完整信息单元分别处理单调型与驼峰型冲击，并分析网络位置与投入滞后如何共同作用。因此，“越上游必然放大”不是无条件定律。

经验单元使用工业生产资料、投入产出联系与M3订单积压相关代理，并区分冲击的时间形状。订单积压／出货的金额比在指定条件下可以帮助近似订单到收货的时间，却不能直接改名为工厂建设年限。本文只采用这些设定和有条件的机制；没有重估论文，没有使用未读的不完全信息命题或定量方差分解。[^bullwhip]

**研究迁移题。** 某设备行业出现订单积压，能否因为本篇也用了M3，就宣称它复现了论文的一条已估计供应链？不能。还要匹配行业、网络联系、代理构造、样本期间和冲击识别。本篇五月工程机械表只是一个独立的存量—流量教学案例。

</details>
</section>

<a id="ei09-exercises"></a>

## 五、把“周期判断”写成可检验的路径

**任务一：按统计定义重建订单桥。** 用原表和 M3 Methodology 解释为什么5月会有 $4879-4498=11595-11214=381$，并指出“制造商存货也多66”应放在哪里。

**解析。** M3 的季调新订单就是由季调出货与季调未完成订单的月度变化构造，因此 $4498+(11595-11214)=4879$ 是这一统计定义的重建，不是三项独立需求观测恰好互相印证。取消和修改的影响已经包含在新订单估计里，也不能从等式成立反推经济调整为零。制造商存货余额另由 $10659-10593=66$ 给出，它不进入新订单的构造桥；若要解释这66，需要采购、生产、出货、库存阶段和估价等资料。

**任务二：阈值为何必须严格？** 保持 $E_0=100$，令 $\lambda=0.5$。当阈值是25时，给出最早满足“低于”与“不高于”的时期。

**解析。** 序列为100、50、25、12.5。“不高于25”在第2期成立，“低于25”要到第3期。必须先读题目比较符号，再处理整数时期；舍入后的图上标签相等，也不能代替原式比较。

**迁移题。** 同一口径材料显示：新订单下降，出货暂时持平，经销商库存偏高，新厂仍在建设。请提出“去库调整”和“长期需求转弱”两条路径，并分别选择下一项最有区分力的证据。

**解析。** 去库路径可以是渠道主动减少向厂商订货，但仍利用现有库存满足较稳定的终端设备销售；厂家暂时交付原有积压订单，所以出货滞后于新订单。应检查同批终端销售、渠道补货与库存消化是否随后恢复。长期需求转弱则预期终端购买、客户投资计划或订单取消持续恶化，原有积压耗尽后厂家出货也承压；应检查这些更接近客户用途的资料。新厂建设是早先投资决定的延续，不能用“仍在建设”替代当前需求证据。两条路径还可能叠加，后续判断要允许修正。

本篇没有给某个行业规定固定的循环年数，而是把任务、资源、交易和资本能力放回各自过程。下一步研究产业联系时，就可以把每条上下游边与它的交期、可替代性和证据放在一起，而不只画一张静态公司名单。

[^m3]: EI-S06-M3-202605，Census《Manufacturers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders — May 2026 Full Report》，2026-07-02 10:00 AM EDT，CB 26-104 M3-2 (26)-05。PDF p.3定义、pp.6–9 Tables1–4工程机械行、表头及表注；May preliminary / April revised。[固定原件](https://www.census.gov/manufacturing/m3/historical_data/pressreleases/prel/2026/may26prel.pdf)。这里保留同版公布值，不作当前实时更新。
[^m3method]: EIBC-S07M，U.S. Census Bureau，《Methodology for Manufacturers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders》。采用 Estimation（PDF pp.2–3）中“new orders = shipments + change in unfilled orders”的估计定义，以及 Seasonal Adjustment Methodology（pp.3–4）中季调新订单的同样构造；原文还说明新订单包含既有订单取消和修改的影响。[官方方法 PDF](https://www.census.gov/manufacturing/m3/Web_Methodology.pdf)。
[^cat]: EIBC-S08，Caterpillar Q2 2026 10-Q，period 2026-06-30；完整采用单元为 Q2 Consolidated Sales and Revenues、Q2 Construction Industries、H1 Consolidated Sales and Revenues，以及MD&A Glossary的Dealer Inventories、Sales Volume、Construction Industries。原件文本导出对应行6628–6642、7268–7280、7346–7357、8046–8123，行号仅为保存文本定位，公共阅读以具名标题为准。独立记录：`CASE-EI09-CAT-Q2H1-2026`。本例依据这些MD&A叙述，不引用Retail Sales Statistics中的零售统计。[SEC原件](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/18230/000001823026000046/cat-20260630.htm)。
[^bullwhip]: EIBC-S09，Leng、Liu、Ren、Tsyvinski，《The Bullwhip: Time-to-Build and Sectoral Fluctuations》，Cowles DP2436，March 2025。采用§§2.1–2.2、3.1–3.2.1、4.1、4.3；模型、经验代理与检验范围分别按原文，不采用§3.3和§4.4结论。[所用版本](https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/d2436.pdf)。

<script src="/notebook/labs/ei-b/reader-adapter.js" defer></script>


## Additional teaching material
### 本篇实验静态等价与计算说明

Census工程机械固定版：
April revised / May preliminary，USD million，SA、未价格调整。
订单4734/4879；出货4424/4498；未交订单11214/11595；存货10593/10659。
一般桥B_t=B_(t-1)+N_t−S_t+A_t，净新订单不再扣取消。
May：4879−4498=381=11595−11214。按 Census M3 Methodology，这一相等来自季调新订单由季调出货与季调未完成订单期差构造；它是统计定义重建，不是三项独立观测互证。制造商存货变化 10659−10593=66 另列。
存货/月出货10659/4498=2.3697198755，不自动是实际交期。

教学路径E0=100；m为0..100整数，λ=m/200；阈值h为1..100整数。
默认m10,h70 -> λ.05；n6=73.5091890625；n7=69.833729609375；首次严格低于n7。
m100,h25 -> λ.5；n2=25（未满足），n3=12.5（满足）。
m0时始终100，合法阈值内never。

算法先从log求候选n，再用精确整数不等式
100*(200-m)^n < h*200^n校验；若不满足向上调，若前一期已满足向下调。
显示值使用浮点，仅用于显示，不参与等号决策。
图横轴整数期数，纵轴教学指数；不把消化速度λ、供应商交期、建设期合并。

CAT可选静态卡（USD bn期间变化）：
Q2全体2025+.1/2026+.6；Q2CI−.3/+.4；
H1全体+.2/+2.6；H1CI−.4/+1.9。
H1包含Q2，CI属于全体，不能跨层加总。
库存排除售后零件；end-user equipment sales是终端设备销售，不是利用率。
缺完整可比金额桥，不计算“厂家收入−经销库存变化=终端销售”。

两条时间轴各自有名称：经营／供应链与资本形成。
本实验不生成或声称复现论文IRF；现代研究卡只解释指定版本的有条件机制。


## Experiment inputs and static equivalents
```json
[
  {
    "id": "exp-ei09-clocks",
    "title": "库存周期、产能周期与结构变化：机制实验",
    "anchor": "ei09-experiment",
    "description": "M3 observed table is read with Census methodology: published seasonally adjusted new orders are constructed from seasonally adjusted shipments plus the change in seasonally adjusted unfilled orders. Inventory-adjustment path is a separate teaching model.",
    "inputs": {
      "input_version": "2026-09-21-review-v2",
      "facts": {
        "m3": {
          "unit": "USD million",
          "adjustment": "seasonally adjusted; not price adjusted",
          "industry": "Construction machinery",
          "rows": [
            {
              "period": "2026-04",
              "vintage_status": "revised",
              "shipments": 4424,
              "orders": 4734,
              "backlog": 11214,
              "inventories": 10593
            },
            {
              "period": "2026-05",
              "vintage_status": "preliminary",
              "shipments": 4498,
              "orders": 4879,
              "backlog": 11595,
              "inventories": 10659
            }
          ],
          "source_ids": [
            "EIBC-S07",
            "EIBC-S07M"
          ],
          "new_orders_method": "Published universe and seasonally adjusted new orders are constructed from shipments plus period change in unfilled orders; cancellations/modifications are included in the new-orders estimate."
        },
        "cat": {
          "source_id": "EIBC-S08",
          "unit": "USD billion",
          "measure": "period change in dealer machine/engine inventories excluding aftermarket parts",
          "rows": [
            {
              "window": "Q2",
              "scope": "total",
              "2025": 0.1,
              "2026": 0.6
            },
            {
              "window": "Q2",
              "scope": "Construction Industries",
              "2025": -0.3,
              "2026": 0.4
            },
            {
              "window": "H1",
              "scope": "total",
              "2025": 0.2,
              "2026": 2.6
            },
            {
              "window": "H1",
              "scope": "Construction Industries",
              "2025": -0.4,
              "2026": 1.9
            }
          ],
          "scope_rules": [
            "H1 includes Q2",
            "CI subset of total",
            "changes, not ending balances",
            "end-user equipment sales != equipment utilization"
          ]
        }
      },
      "models": {
        "inventory": {
          "identity": "teaching_assumption",
          "defaults": {
            "E0": 100,
            "lambda_steps": 10,
            "lambda_denominator": 200,
            "h": 70
          },
          "ranges": {
            "lambda_steps": [
              0,
              100,
              1
            ],
            "h": [
              1,
              100,
              1
            ]
          },
          "conditions": [
            "fixed target; no fresh shocks",
            "lambda=lambda_steps/200",
            "strict E_n<h; n nonnegative integer",
            "exact integer comparison of 100*(200-m)^n < h*200^n after logarithmic candidate",
            "lambda=0 never crosses legal threshold",
            "not delivery delay, not plant construction time"
          ]
        }
      },
      "default_outputs": {
        "inventory": {
          "E0": 100,
          "lambda_steps": 10,
          "lambda": 0.05,
          "h": 70,
          "crossing": 7,
          "status": "crossed",
          "previous": 73.50918906249998,
          "current": 69.83372960937497,
          "equality_previous": false,
          "verified_current": true,
          "verified_previous": true,
          "points": [
            {
              "n": 0,
              "E": 100
            },
            {
              "n": 1,
              "E": 95
            },
            {
              "n": 2,
              "E": 90.25
            },
            {
              "n": 3,
              "E": 85.73749999999998
            },
            {
              "n": 4,
              "E": 81.45062499999999
            },
            {
              "n": 5,
              "E": 77.37809374999998
            },
            {
              "n": 6,
              "E": 73.50918906249998
            },
            {
              "n": 7,
              "E": 69.83372960937497
            },
            {
              "n": 8,
              "E": 66.34204312890623
            },
            {
              "n": 9,
              "E": 63.02494097246091
            },
            {
              "n": 10,
              "E": 59.873693923837855
            },
            {
              "n": 11,
              "E": 56.880009227645964
            },
            {
              "n": 12,
              "E": 54.03600876626366
            },
            {
              "n": 13,
              "E": 51.33420832795048
            },
            {
              "n": 14,
              "E": 48.76749791155295
            },
            {
              "n": 15,
              "E": 46.329123015975306
            },
            {
              "n": 16,
              "E": 44.012666865176534
            },
            {
              "n": 17,
              "E": 41.812033521917705
            },
            {
              "n": 18,
              "E": 39.72143184582182
            },
            {
              "n": 19,
              "E": 37.73536025353073
            },
            {
              "n": 20,
              "E": 35.848592240854195
            }
          ],
          "comparison": "strict <"
        },
        "m3": {
          "net_flow": 381,
          "backlog_change": 381,
          "adjustment_residual": 0,
          "inventory_change": 66,
          "inventory_shipments": 2.3697198755002225,
          "growth_pct": {
            "orders": 3.0629488804393645,
            "shipments": 1.672694394213381,
            "backlog": 3.3975387907972276,
            "inventories": 0.6230529595015577
          }
        }
      }
    },
    "outputs": {
      "inventory": {
        "E0": 100,
        "lambda_steps": 10,
        "lambda": 0.05,
        "h": 70,
        "crossing": 7,
        "status": "crossed",
        "previous": 73.50918906249998,
        "current": 69.83372960937497,
        "equality_previous": false,
        "verified_current": true,
        "verified_previous": true,
        "points": [
          {
            "n": 0,
            "E": 100
          },
          {
            "n": 1,
            "E": 95
          },
          {
            "n": 2,
            "E": 90.25
          },
          {
            "n": 3,
            "E": 85.73749999999998
          },
          {
            "n": 4,
            "E": 81.45062499999999
          },
          {
            "n": 5,
            "E": 77.37809374999998
          },
          {
            "n": 6,
            "E": 73.50918906249998
          },
          {
            "n": 7,
            "E": 69.83372960937497
          },
          {
            "n": 8,
            "E": 66.34204312890623
          },
          {
            "n": 9,
            "E": 63.02494097246091
          },
          {
            "n": 10,
            "E": 59.873693923837855
          },
          {
            "n": 11,
            "E": 56.880009227645964
          },
          {
            "n": 12,
            "E": 54.03600876626366
          },
          {
            "n": 13,
            "E": 51.33420832795048
          },
          {
            "n": 14,
            "E": 48.76749791155295
          },
          {
            "n": 15,
            "E": 46.329123015975306
          },
          {
            "n": 16,
            "E": 44.012666865176534
          },
          {
            "n": 17,
            "E": 41.812033521917705
          },
          {
            "n": 18,
            "E": 39.72143184582182
          },
          {
            "n": 19,
            "E": 37.73536025353073
          },
          {
            "n": 20,
            "E": 35.848592240854195
          }
        ],
        "comparison": "strict <"
      },
      "m3": {
        "net_flow": 381,
        "backlog_change": 381,
        "adjustment_residual": 0,
        "inventory_change": 66,
        "inventory_shipments": 2.3697198755002225,
        "growth_pct": {
          "orders": 3.0629488804393645,
          "shipments": 1.672694394213381,
          "backlog": 3.3975387907972276,
          "inventories": 0.6230529595015577
        }
      }
    },
    "algorithm": {
      "formula": "E_n=100*(1-m/200)^n; strict E_n<h. M3 B_t=B_(t-1)+N_t-S_t+A_t.",
      "algorithm": "engine.inventory; logarithmic candidate then exact BigInt comparison 100*(200-m)^n<h*200^n; m=0 never. engine.m3 on immutable observed table.",
      "boundary_tests": [
        "all 10000 positive-lambda legal slider pairs",
        "m0",
        "h100",
        "m100,h25 equality",
        "invalid threshold/step"
      ],
      "static": "readers/EI-09.reader.md#ei09-path; static/static-equivalents.md third unit"
    },
    "static_equivalent": {
      "markdown": "https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/notebook/labs/ei-b/static-equivalents.md",
      "in_entry": "ei09-experiment",
      "text": "M3 4月/5月固定表 + 381定义性构造桥 + 制造商存货+66；另列严格阈值库存调整表。"
    },
    "implementation_files": [
      "/notebook/labs/ei-b/inputs.json",
      "/notebook/labs/ei-b/inputs.js",
      "/notebook/labs/ei-b/engine.js",
      "/notebook/labs/ei-b/ui.js",
      "/notebook/labs/ei-b/interactions.html"
    ],
    "state": "staging_only_awaiting_Lead_UI",
    "local_url": "/notebook/labs/ei-b/interactions.html?experiment=exp-ei09-clocks",
    "statistical_identity": "季调新订单 N 由季调出货 S 与季调未完成订单期差 ΔB 构造：N=S+ΔB。因此 4,498+(11,595−11,214)=4,879 是同一发布版本的统计定义重建，不是三项独立需求观测互证；不能据此推断经济调整为零。取消和修改影响已包含在新订单估计中。制造商存货增加 66 另列。",
    "output_field_interpretation": {
      "m3.adjustment_residual": "原始引擎字段名；代数差为0不能解释为经济取消/修改/调整为0。"
    }
  }
]
```

## Sources
- [Manufacturers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders · May 2026 Full Report](https://www.census.gov/manufacturing/m3/historical_data/pressreleases/prel/2026/may26prel.pdf): Census 的 M3 报告把出货、新订单、未交订单和存货分开，分别描述已交付活动、期间订单流和期末余额。本文使用固定的2026年5月报告及其中4月比较列。

新订单按净额口径使用；不能再次机械扣除取消量。未交订单与月出货之比也不是每位客户实际等待时间。

EI-B 本批采用：工程机械固定4月修订/5月初值四表；美元百万、季调、未作价格调整。与CAT公司渠道范围不对账。 季调新订单 N=S+ΔB 为数据产品定义，详见 EIBC-S07M；381不是三个独立需求观测的互证。

本批采用：April revised / May preliminary；SA百万美元；381定义性订单桥、存货+66分开。
- [Methodology for Manufacturers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders](https://www.census.gov/manufacturing/m3/Web_Methodology.pdf): Estimation和Seasonal Adjustment Methodology规定：总体/季调新订单由出货加未完成订单期差构造；新订单估计包含既有订单取消和修改影响。

本批采用：新订单由出货与未完成订单月差构造；季调亦然，含取消/修改。381是定义性桥，不是3项独立观察。
- [Caterpillar Q2 2026 Form 10-Q — adopted MD&A units](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/18230/000001823026000046/cat-20260630.htm): 完整具名MD&A叙述中的Q2/H1全体与CI经销商库存变动；经销商独立，库存排除售后零件。end-user equipment sales译为向最终用户销售设备，而非设备使用量。
- [The Bullwhip: Time-to-Build and Sectoral Fluctuations](https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/2025-04/d2436.pdf): 完整信息下投入生产/交付延迟、网络位置与冲击时间形状的条件化机制；数据代理和经验检验分开。非新厂建设期，未复现IRF或不完全信息命题。

## Content relations
```json
[
  {
    "from": "zh-ei09",
    "relation": "part_of",
    "to": "industry-dynamics",
    "reason": "主要 topic 归属"
  },
  {
    "from": "ei09-m3",
    "relation": "illustrated_by",
    "to": "CASE-EI09-M3-CONSTRUCTION-MACHINERY-202605",
    "reason": "固定期间的真实材料，保留单位与统计对象",
    "at_section": "ei09-m3"
  },
  {
    "from": "ei09-dealer",
    "relation": "illustrated_by",
    "to": "CASE-EI09-CAT-Q2H1-2026",
    "reason": "固定期间的真实材料，保留单位与统计对象",
    "at_section": "ei09-dealer"
  },
  {
    "from": "ei09-m3",
    "relation": "supported_by",
    "to": "EI-S06-M3-202605",
    "reason": "工程机械固定4月修订/5月初值四表；美元百万、季调、未作价格调整。与CAT公司渠道范围不对账。",
    "locator": "PDF p.3 definitions; PDF pp.6–9 Tables 1–4; Construction machinery; headers and footnotes",
    "scope": "指定采用单元，不等于整部报告",
    "at_section": "ei09-m3"
  },
  {
    "from": "ei09-dealer",
    "relation": "supported_by",
    "to": "EIBC-S08",
    "reason": "完整具名MD&A叙述中的Q2/H1全体与CI经销商库存变动；经销商独立，库存排除售后零件。end-user equipment sales译为向最终用户销售设备，而非设备使用量。",
    "locator": "Q2 Consolidated Sales and Revenues (saved text 6628–6642); Q2 Construction Industries (7268–7280); H1 Consolidated Sales and Revenues (7346–7357); MD&A Glossary: Dealer Inventories / Sales Volume / Construction Industries (8046–8123)",
    "scope": "指定采用单元，不等于整部报告",
    "at_section": "ei09-dealer"
  },
  {
    "from": "ei09-research",
    "relation": "supported_by",
    "to": "EIBC-S09",
    "reason": "完整信息下投入生产/交付延迟、网络位置与冲击时间形状的条件化机制；数据代理和经验检验分开。非新厂建设期，未复现IRF或不完全信息命题。",
    "locator": "§§2.1–2.2; §§3.1–3.2.1; §4.1; §4.3",
    "scope": "指定采用单元，不等于整部报告",
    "at_section": "ei09-research"
  },
  {
    "from": "ei09-clocks",
    "relation": "uses_method",
    "to": "zh-ei08",
    "reason": "只调用资本形成过程，不共用交付迟滞参数",
    "at_section": "ei09-clocks"
  },
  {
    "from": "ei09-m3",
    "relation": "uses_method",
    "to": "zh-ei02",
    "reason": "流量/存量、季调、版本、单位",
    "at_section": "ei09-m3"
  },
  {
    "from": "ei09-m3",
    "relation": "supported_by",
    "to": "EIBC-S07M",
    "at_section": "ei09-m3",
    "reason": "季调新订单 N 由季调出货 S 与季调未完成订单期差 ΔB 构造：N=S+ΔB。因此 4,498+(11,595−11,214)=4,879 是同一发布版本的统计定义重建，不是三项独立需求观测互证；不能据此推断经济调整为零。取消和修改影响已包含在新订单估计中。制造商存货增加 66 另列。",
    "locator": "Estimation, PDF pp.2–3; Seasonal Adjustment Methodology, PDF pp.3–4; Reliability of the Data, PDF p.4",
    "scope": "统计构造与取消/修改身份；不证明需求因果。"
  },
  {
    "from": "ei09-experiment",
    "relation": "illustrated_by",
    "to": "exp-ei09-clocks",
    "at_section": "ei09-experiment",
    "reason": "M3 observed table is read with Census methodology: published seasonally adjusted new orders are constructed from seasonally adjusted shipments plus the change in seasonally adjusted unfilled orders. Inventory-adjustment path is a separate teaching model."
  }
]
```

## Related entries

## Optional reading path
读懂一个行业: step 7/10
从固定M3四表和统计定义出发，区分订单桥、库存调整与资本形成。
从库存与交付动态继续看技术采用、指标选择和完整行业路径。
Next: [技术、创新与产业结构演变](https://ou-liu-red-sugar.github.io/zh/notebook/technology-adoption-value-capture/)
